In the United States, an estimated 13,360 women will be diagnosed with invasive cervical cancer in 2025, with over 4300 deaths. Globally, cervical cancer ranks as the fourth most common cancer among women, with around 660,000 new cases in 2022. The introduction of the HPV vaccine has significantly reduced incidence rates by almost 50% and mortality by 70% since the 1950s.

Despite these advancements, challenges persist in low- and middle-income countries, where vaccine access and uptake are limited. Experts at the 2025 ASCO Annual Meeting discussed the barriers and opportunities related to HPV vaccination, stressing the importance of global cooperation to eliminate cervical cancer and exploring strategies that could be adapted for preventing other HPV-related cancers.

Cervical Cancer and HPV

HPV infection, especially with high-risk types, is the primary cause of nearly all cervical cancers, with HPV 16 and 18 responsible for about 70% of cases worldwide. Almost all sexually active individuals will contract HPV at some point, with higher risks for those who become sexually active at a young age or have multiple partners.

While most HPV infections resolve on their own within 1 to 2 years, persistent high-risk infections can lead to cellular changes in the cervix that may progress to cancer if left untreated. Traditional Pap smears have been crucial for detecting abnormal cells, but HPV testing offers advantages such as earlier detection, longer screening intervals, and self-sampling options.

Preventing HPV and Cervical Cancer

The HPV vaccine is highly effective in preventing invasive cervical cancer, especially when administered early. Studies show over a 90% decrease in new infections with targeted HPV types. The vaccine is recommended for both males and females to reduce transmission and protect against other HPV-related cancers.

While existing vaccines have proven efficacy, challenges remain in low- and middle-income countries due to limited access. The WHO aims to have 90% of girls fully vaccinated by 2030, which could prevent millions of new cases and deaths globally.

Barriers to HPV Vaccine Uptake

Lower middle-income countries face challenges in HPV vaccine uptake due to financial constraints, lack of support, and limited health infrastructure. There are disparities in vaccine uptake between high-income and lower middle-income countries, with women more likely to be vaccinated.

Logistical and systemic hurdles, social and behavioral factors, and complex vaccination programs contribute to low uptake rates. Addressing these challenges requires investment in infrastructure, community engagement, and culturally sensitive public health messaging.

Overcoming Vaccine Uptake Barriers

Strategies to enhance HPV vaccine uptake include expanding Gavi eligibility, integrating vaccination into existing schedules, training health workers, and investing in cold chain infrastructure. A comprehensive approach involving health education, infrastructure, communication, and mobile health can improve screening and vaccination in low- and middle-income countries.

By overcoming barriers to HPV vaccination, global efforts can progress towards eradicating cervical cancer and preventing other HPV-related cancers.

Source: Pharmacy Times