Much of the attention on Iran's nuclear activities has been on uranium enrichment, but experts also closely monitor the Arak heavy water reactor in the Islamic Republic.

The reactor, located about 250 kilometers southwest of Tehran, has the potential to produce plutonium, a key component in atomic bombs.

Israel recently conducted airstrikes on the Arak reactor, citing concerns about its plutonium production capabilities. This follows previous attacks on Iranian nuclear sites like the Natanz enrichment facility and other key installations.

Despite the strike, the reactor was not operational at the time and did not release any nuclear material. However, the International Atomic Energy Agency has repeatedly warned against targeting such facilities, emphasizing their civilian nature.

The Arak reactor has its origins in Iran's past military nuclear ambitions. Following the Iran-Iraq war in the 1980s, Iran initiated a covert program to develop nuclear weapons. Unable to purchase a heavy water-moderated reactor from other countries, Iran decided to build its own.

Heavy water reactors utilize heavy water, where hydrogen is replaced by deuterium, as a coolant. While these reactors have scientific applications, they also produce plutonium as a byproduct, which can be used in weapons.

Iran's nuclear program has evolved over the years, with a focus on uranium enrichment. Despite claims of peaceful intentions, Iran has enriched uranium to high levels, raising concerns about its nuclear ambitions.

Under the 2015 nuclear deal, Iran agreed to modify the Arak reactor to address proliferation risks. However, the completion of the redesign was stalled after the U.S. withdrew from the agreement in 2018.

Recent Israeli airstrikes likely caused significant damage to the Arak reactor, even though it was not operational. The strike targeted components related to plutonium production, aiming to prevent the reactor from being used for military purposes.

While the reactor itself was not a threat after the strike, questions remain about the nearby heavy water production facility and its status.

Israel's actions underscore the ongoing tensions surrounding Iran's nuclear program and the broader implications for regional security.